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| 关于过程性评价的思考(一) |
[ 2006-6-14 10:40:00 | By: wf高中化学 ] |
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关于过程性评价的思考
一、目前国内关于过程性评价的三种观点
提倡过程性评价,成为新一轮课程改革中一项重要的改革内容。然而,“过程性评价”到底指的是什么?似乎没有一个清晰的界定,因此引起了实践的混乱。目前国内的文献阐述的或实践中表现出来的观点主要有三种。第一种认为过程性评价是基于“过程性的观察为主”的评价,评价的是学生的认知学习的过程。这种观点强调心理学意义上的学习过程,引导教师和学生去关注、认识、把握和改进学习的微观过程,提高元认知水平,从这一点来看是很有意义的。从评价的角度来看,通过评价的过程,比如学生对某个问题的认识错误的分析,可以大致估计出学生的错误出在思维的哪一个环节上,进行思维的诊断,但这与评价学生的思维过程是两码事。任何评价都需要有标准,提不出这样的标准,也就无法进行评价。微观的认知过程的评价标准是什么?现在人们对学习的微观过程的了解还非常有限,无法提出评价的标准。实际上学生的学习,包括前期的预备状态,学习中的各种思考与活动的过程,学习后得到的结果,是一个不可分割的整体,将“过程”单独提出来进行评价没有多大的意义。再者,学生的学习过程是非常个体化的,表现千差万别,是否有必要对不同人所经历的学习过程进行价值判断,还是值得讨论的问题。强调过程性评价是对心理学意义上的、微观的学习过程的评价,结果会使一线教师对学习过程与评价产生误解。如认为学习效果没有学习过程重要,强调形式化的“过程”并强行要求学生都经历规范化的“学习过程”,结果不仅不能导向学习过程的优化,而是适得其反。
第二种观点强调过程性评价“主要是对学生学习过程中的情感、态度、价值观做出评价”,典型方法或工具是“成长记录(学习档案)”或“表现式的评价”。这种观点导向对非智力因素的重视。过程性评价拓宽了学习评价的领域,运用质性评价工具对学生的情感、态度和价值观进行评价,这是非常好的。但是,正如上面所说,学习是一个整体,在学校课程的背景下,非智力的情感态度因素是在学习知识技能的过程中表现出来的,与知识的学习及智能的发展紧紧结合在一起,很难加以分割。过程性评价显然不应该也不可能把对学生智能表现的评价排除在外。这种观点是将过程性评价、终结性评价与学习过程、学习效果机械对应起来,认为前者评价了情感态度的方面,后者评价了学习的效果。这样的理解导致对成长记录的表现式评价的狭隘理解,把学习效果的记录与表现这两个最为重要的方面排除在外,产生了不良的后果。
第三种观点认为过程性评价是“在教育、教学活动的计划实施的过程中”,为“了解动态过程的效果,及时反馈信息及时调节,使计划、方案不断完善,以便顺利达到预期的目的”而进行的评价,这实际上是从历史性的角度,将一个相对比较长的阶段(如一学年)划分成一些相对短暂的阶段(如一个章节),将短暂阶段学习结果的评价看成为过程性评价。这实际上是20世纪50~60年代以后在欧美发展起来、80年代在国内流行的形成性评价的观点,所关注的仍然是学习效果,主要是知识与技能的掌握。对过程性评价的这样一种理解,显然没有把握过程性评价的要义,忽视了对学生在掌握学习的过程与方法方面以及学生在情感、态度和价值观方面的评价。按照这样的理解,过程性评价相当于进行课堂上的小测验和课后练习,不需要对学生的学习的质的方面以及在学习过程中表现出来的情感态度价值观进行关注,这显然不符合新课程的理年念导向。
到底过程性评价是什么?它评价什么?它是一种较具体方法更为上位的评价方式,还是一种相对具体的评价方法?如果不弄清楚,会在广大教师和学生中引起混乱,影响新课程的实施。本文希望通过对过程的评价和评价的过程的讨论,澄清过程性评价的基本理念。
二、过程性评价的理念和功能
评价的本质是什么?有什么功能?人们早就认识到评价的本质是对事物和过程的价值或量做出判断、决定或计算。对评价一词,韦氏大词典的解释是:“评价,决定或确定价值或数量”;美国《心理学词典》的解释是:“评估(evaluation),一般说来是指对于某事的价值作决定;我国顾明远教授主编的《教育大辞典》的解释为:评价(evaluation),是指事物价值的判断。但是,随着时间的推移,人们对教育评价,对学生学习评价的本质和功能的理解不断深入,不断拓宽。
20世纪20~30年代,人们基本上只把学习评价的功能锁定在确认学习效果上。在科学理性思潮的影响下,评价似乎就是测量。如何进行测量,如何将被测量的行为加以量化,如何设计有效的测量工具,保证量化测量工具的客观性和可信度,是人们关心的重点。30~40年代以后,受泰勒等人的影响,评价被看成是对目标和表现的吻合程度的确认。提出合理的教育目标并加以科学的分类,并以此为标准来衡量教学达到的水平,成为这一时期的焦点。到了60年代,评价对教学的反馈作用开始受到注意,人们开始注意到评价过程与教学过程的交互影响,利用评价的结果来诊断教学中出现的问题、影响教学导向,评价的功能拓宽了。
从20世纪70年代开始,就有教育家批评以往的评价只是注重学习的量的方面和忽视了学习的质的方面,要求从质的方面来评价学生的学习效果。到了80年代以后,人们更进一步认为,学习的质量不仅反映在学习的效果上也反映在学习的过程中,学习者投入学习时的动机和他所采取的策略及获得的效果是三位一体的。评价不仅应关注学习的效果,还应关注学习的情态动机和方式过程。学生在学习过程中表现出来的动机和情感态度,学生在学习过程中所采用的方式,都是一种动态的表现,采用终结性的或传统意义上的形成性评价方式都很难加以测量和评价,需要在学习的过程中同时了解反映学生学习质量的资料并加以评价。与此同时,人们还认识到,评价不仅是对学习结果的价值判断,还对学习的过程有明显的回流作用,导向学习过程的不断修正,成为促进学生发展的媒介。通过回流作用,评价的过程与学习的过程交互在一起,成为学生发展的必由途径。新的评价理念要求在学习的过程中了解反映学习质量的资料,通过回流使评价与学习过程整合成为促进学生发展的途径,换句话说,在学习的过程中评价,促进评价过程和学习过程的融合。这种倾向于“过程”与“发展”的价值取向,是过程性评价的理念基础。
过程性评价不是对微观意义上的学习过程的评价,也不是只注重过程而不注重结果的评价,而是对课程实施意义上的学习动机、过程和效果的三位一体的评价,或者说是人生命意义上的学习评价。随着终身学习理念的提出和实践,评价将成为促进人的终身学习和可持续发展的过程。学会评价将成为学习的一部分,成为人生必不可少的一种能力。评价能力带有很强的实践性,只了解评价的知识还不足以形成评价能力,只有通过评价的实践才可能真正学会评价。就学习的评价来说,这就要求评价主体和评价客体的融合,评价学生学习的主体不仅是教师、校长和家长,也包括作为评价的客体、同时也是评价的价值主体的学生。评价的过程不仅包括学校外部的和教师的评价,还包括学生相互之间和学生自己对自己的评价。评价的性质和功能因此增加了新的含义,评价不仅是对学生学习效果与成绩的确认,不仅是诊断和改进学习的途径,还成为学校教育的一项目标。让学生经历评价的过程是实现学校教育目标的重要手段之一,这是过程性评价理念的又一新颖之处。
过程性评价与形成性评价在理念上有本质的区别。在价值取向上,形成性评价虽然对学习过程有一定的关系,实际上还是属于目标取向,评价的是一个较小的时间段的学校效果与教育教学目标的一致程度。过程性评价既重视学习成果的价值,同时又注意到学习的过程也是反映学习质量水平的重要方面,因此强调过程的价值,采取过程性与目标性并重的取向。在评价内容上,形成性评价虽也列出情意领域的教育目标,但这类学习的结果是渗透在学习过程中的,没有相应的方法,无法评价这种体现在学习过程中的成果。因此,实际形成性评价所评的只是智能领域和动作技能领域的内容,主要是具体的知识和技能。过程性评价主张凡是具有教育价值的结果,都应当受到评价的支持与肯定,主张对学习的动机态度、过程和效果进行三位一体的评价,这种理念由于采用多样化的评价手段而得到落实。在评价方法上,形成性评价倾向于量化的评价工具,情调客观性试题和标准化测验。过程性评价既支持从外部对学习成果进行“量化”的测量,同时倡导而且更加重视“质性”的方法,强调内部的、开放的评价过程,将评价“嵌入”到教学的过程中,贯穿于教学过程的始终,包含了多样的方法和策略。在评价的功能上,形成性评价注重评价的诊断作用。过程性评价则全面重视评价的功能,包括确认学习质量、进行诊断导向和学会评价等三个方面。在评价主体上,形成性评价没有注意发挥学生的作用,学生只是被评价的客体,是被动的。过程性评价主张评价主体和客体的整合,通过师生间共同的“民主参与、协商和交往的过程”,共同判断这种渗透于学习过程中的成果价值,不断地进行反馈从而使学习鼓吹得到不断的优化,同时也共同构建对评价的理解和把握。
可以认为,过程性评价是一种在课程实施的过程中对学生的学习进行评价的方式。过程性评价采取目标与过程并重的价值取向,对学习的动机效果、过程以及与学习密切相关的非智力因素进行全面的评价。过程性评价主张内外结合的、开放的评价方式,主张评价过程与教学过程的交叉和融合,评价主体与客体的互动和整合。过程性的功能包括对学生的学习质量水平做出判断,肯定成绩,找出问题;促进学生对学习过程进行积极的反思,从而更好地把握学习方式方法;理解和掌握评价的方法,作为与终身学习相呼应的一个方面,实现终身的可持续发展。 |
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| No.1 讨论:关于过程性评价的思考(一) |
[ 2007-5-13 12:06:00 | By: a(游客) ] |
| 教育学术交流qq群26747789,每晚专题讨论。 |
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| No.2 讨论:关于过程性评价的思考(一) |
[ 2008-8-6 16:22:00 | By: wow gold(游客) ] |
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| No.3 讨论:关于过程性评价的思考(一) |
[ 2008-8-6 16:26:00 | By: gamesavor(游客) ] |
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| No.4 讨论:关于过程性评价的思考(一) |
[ 2008-8-6 16:30:00 | By: world of warcraft(游客) ] |
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| No.5 wow gold |
[ 2009-5-11 14:21:00 | By: wow gold(游客) ] |
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| No.6 wow gold |
[ 2009-6-9 12:31:00 | By: LIPING(游客) ] |
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| No.7 wow gold |
[ 2009-6-9 12:32:00 | By: LIPING(游客) ] |
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| No.8 wow gold |
[ 2009-6-9 12:34:00 | By: LIPING(游客) ] |
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| No.9 wow gold |
[ 2009-6-9 12:36:00 | By: LIPING(游客) ] |
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| No.10 讨论:关于过程性评价的思考(一) |
[ 2009-11-7 4:39:00 | By: vv(游客) ] |
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| No.11 讨论:关于过程性评价的思考(一) |
[ 2009-11-13 14:07:00 | By: abc(游客) ] |
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| No.12 讨论:关于过程性评价的思考(一) |
[ 2010-7-9 15:32:00 | By: gift bags(游客) ] |
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| No.13 讨论:关于过程性评价的思考(一) |
[ 2010-7-9 15:33:00 | By: gift bags(游客) ] |
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